Compendium of U.S. Copyright Practices, 3rd Edition

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801.3 (A) Copies

801.3 (A) Copies


Copies are defined as “material objects, other than phonorecords, in which a work is fixed by any method now known or later developed, and from which the work can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or device. The term ‘copies’ includes the material object, other than a phonorecord, in which the work is first fixed.” 17 U.S.C. § 101. Copies include all forms of embodiment for works of the performing arts, except for “phonorecords,” which are defined in Section 801.3 (B) below.


Copies may be submitted in hard copy or electronic format. Examples of copies include, but are not limited to books, scripts, musical scores, sheet music, librettos, lyric sheets, filmstrips, and electronic text and presentation files.

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